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Section 8
Secondary Traumatic Stress Symptoms

Question 8 | Test | Table of Contents

The hallmark of vicarious traumatization is disrupted frame of reference. One’s identity, world view, and spirituality together constitute frame of reference. As a result of doing trauma work with battering relationships, therapists are likely to experience disruptions in their sense of identity (sense of one’s self as a woman/man, as mother/father or one’s customary feeling states), world view (moral principles, ideas about causality, life philosophy), and spirituality (meaning and hope, sense of connection with something beyond oneself, awareness of all aspects of life, and sense of the non-material).

What antidotes can we create to these disruptions? Balancing work, play, and rest helps us to remain grounded in various aspects of our complex identities. Practices that renew a cherished sense of identity or that expand one’s identity beyond that of trauma therapist are helpful in this realm. This might mean socializing with friends and family to reconnect with one’s self as friend, parent, child, partner, or sibling (the activity that ranked second most helpful in the study shown in Table 1); engaging activities that allow one to be in a dependent or receiving role; engaging in creative endeavors such as writing, playing music, creating art, gardening, being physically active through exercise, dance, or hard physical work; reconnecting with one’s body through massage, dance, or yoga. Each of these activities in its own way balances some aspect of the helper/listener/nurturer roles we play in our work as therapists.

TA B L E 1: . Professional and personal self-care for 117 psychologists.

Mean ratings of how helpful 117 psychologists found those activities in which they engaged over the past six months
(1 = not helpful, 6 = extremely helpful):

In the trauma therapist example, at least one-third of respondents found the following strategies helpful in coping with the demands of domestic violence therapy: socializing, exercising, spending time with family (Table 2). Activities that ranked lower, although still endorsed by many as helpful, were engaging in social justice activities and having a massage. Over 35% of subjects reported engaging in activities that promoted physical health and well-being as a coping strategy.

Rest and leisure are extremely restorative to one’s frame of reference as well as to one’s self-capacities. Taking a vacation and pleasure reading ranked first and fourth, respectively, as activities psychologists found helpful in alleviating work-related stress. Over 35% of subjects reported engaging in leisure activities such as gardening, reading, listening to music, and going to movies as ways of coping with work-related stress.

World view, another aspect of frame of reference, is also very sensitive to both psychological trauma and to helping trauma survivors. We can attempt to rebuild these shattered assumptions by spending time with happy, healthy children; working for social justice; and building or rebuilding a sense of community. Sixty-nine percent of our sample found travel helpful; in a very literal sense, travel expands our world view.

Finally, spirituality is highly sensitive to the effects of trauma and trauma recovery work. We use a broad definition of spirituality, an inherent human capacity for an awareness of an elusive aspect of experience. Approaches to addressing the spiritual damage that this work can incur include meditation, yoga, writing in a journal, engagement with art and beauty (nature and poetry). Forty-four percent of the trauma therapist sample found developing a spiritual life helpful in coping with the demands of trauma therapy. Although these activities were not rated as very helpful for most respondents in the sample, we note them here because some people do report using them and finding them helpful. Larger percentages of the subjects reported engaging in spiritually-oriented activities, but we do not know how helpful they found them.

Finding forums in which to recall and name the rewards of doing trauma therapy is essential. It renews our sense of the meaning of this work, revitalizes our connections with others and with humanity itself, and reminds us of the importance of an awareness of all aspects of life.

TA B L E 2: Activities balancing trauma work for 188 trauma therapists.

Personal Reflection Exercise #1
The preceding section was about a therapist’s disrupted frame of reference and vicarious traumatization. Write three case study examples regarding how you might use the content of this section in your practice.

Update
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress?

- Vukčević Marković, M., & Živanović, M. (2022). Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(19), 12881.

Peer-Reviewed Journal Article References:
Butler, L. D., Carello, J., & Maguin, E. (2017). Trauma, stress, and self-care in clinical training: Predictors of burnout, decline in health status, secondary traumatic stress symptoms, and compassion satisfaction. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(4), 416–424.

Doherty, A. S., Mallett, J., Leiter, M. P., & McFadden, P. (2021). Measuring burnout in social work: Factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory—Human Services Survey. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 37(1), 6–14.

Ludick, M., & Figley, C. R. (2017). Toward a mechanism for secondary trauma induction and reduction: Reimagining a theory of secondary traumatic stress. Traumatology, 23(1), 112–123.

Nissen-Lie, H. A., Orlinsky, D. E., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2021). The emotionally burdened psychotherapist: Personal and situational risk factors. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice.

Sprang, G., Ford, J., Kerig, P., & Bride, B. (2019). Defining secondary traumatic stress and developing targeted assessments and interventions: Lessons learned from research and leading experts. Traumatology, 25(2), 72–81.

QUESTION 8
What is the hallmark of vicarious traumatization? To select and enter your answer go to Test.

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